Pair a targeted active like alpha arbutin or azelaic acid with a hydrating barrier step like squalane - treating dark spots only works if your skin barrier can handle it.

• Alpha arbutin slows down the enzyme that makes pigment, gently and gradually.
• Azelaic acid is the stronger option if dark spots are linked to breakouts.
• Squalane is my hydrating companion in the routine - dark spot treatments can be drying, and dry skin doesn't fade marks any faster.
• Give any pigmentation active 6-8+ weeks before expecting visible change.
• SPF is non-negotiable - unprotected skin will just make new marks as fast as you fade old ones.

SPF, a brightening or barrier-supporting active, and a hydrator like squalane - that's the affordable trio that covers protection, treatment and repair.

• SPF daily - the single biggest thing you can do for your skin, full stop.
• A treatment active suited to your concern - for me that's something addressing dark spots and large pores.
• Squalane as my hydration layer - lightweight, non-comedogenic, and it makes every other step work better.
• Skin Functional's serums are priced from around R55, so this isn't an expensive routine to build.
• Consistency beats a packed shelf every time.